Stonehenge Mystery
Myths, Theories & Ancient Secrets
Stonehenge is one of the most famous ancient monuments in the world — and one of the most mysterious. How it was built, who built it, and why, remain open questions even today.
Below, we break down the most widely discussed theories — from archaeological evidence to myths and modern-day beliefs — to help you make sense of this prehistoric puzzle before your visit.
What Makes Stonehenge So Mysterious?
Stonehenge was built more than 4,000 years ago, during the Neolithic period, using massive stones, some transported from over 150 miles away. There are no written records from the time, and even basic facts — such as exact construction dates and original purpose — remain disputed among experts.
Nearly every year, new discoveries and academic papers revise our understanding of the monument. This uncertainty is what makes Stonehenge so captivating.
Theories About What Stonehenge Was Used For
1. A Sacred Burial Site
Many archaeologists believe Stonehenge served as a burial site for elite individuals. Bone fragments from over 60 people have been found in and around the monument, along with nearby barrows (burial mounds).
Some suggest Stonehenge was a key part of a ceremonial complex, linked with other nearby sites like Woodhenge and Durrington Walls. According to this theory, the River Avon symbolised the journey between life (Woodhenge) and death (Stonehenge), with rituals held along the way.
2. An Astronomical Calendar
Stonehenge is famously aligned with the summer and winter solstices, leading many to believe it was a form of Neolithic calendar. The sunrise and sunset alignments suggest people may have used the monument to mark key seasonal dates — possibly for agricultural planning or ritual ceremonies.
However, some experts argue the astronomical precision served ceremonial rather than practical purposes.
Did you know? During the summer solstice, thousands of people gather at Stonehenge to watch the sunrise through the Heel Stone — just as ancient people may have done.
3. A Place of Healing and Pilgrimage
Another theory suggests Stonehenge was a healing sanctuary. The bluestones, brought from the Preseli Hills in Wales, were believed to have magical or medicinal properties. Some skeletons found in the area show signs of illness or injury, suggesting people may have travelled from far and wide seeking cures.
One body discovered nearby is thought to have come from what is now Switzerland, clear evidence that Stonehenge attracted visitors from across Europe.
How Was Stonehenge Built?
The Bluestones: A 200-Mile Journey?
The first stones used at Stonehenge were the bluestones, weighing up to 4 tonnes each. These came from the Preseli Hills in southwest Wales — nearly 200 miles away.
Two theories exist:
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Human transport: floated on rafts and hauled over land on wooden rollers.
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Glacial movement: carried naturally by glaciers during the Ice Age.
To date, no direct archaeological evidence confirms either version.
The Sarsen Stones: Local But Massive
The larger sarsen stones, some weighing over 25 tonnes, came from around 20 miles away. They were likely dragged overland and then shaped and erected using tools made from stone and antler.
The stones fit together with incredible precision, using carved joints and mortises — similar to carpentry techniques — and form the famous horizontal lintels atop vertical uprights.
It's estimated it took hundreds of people to move and shape the stones — a community effort likely spanning generations.
Engineering Without Technology
Even by today’s standards, the engineering is impressive:
The stones are levelled despite uneven terrain.
A third of each upright stone is buried underground for stability.
Ramps and A-frame levers were likely used to position them.
Chippings found all over the area suggest extensive shaping was done on site, using stone tools and sheer manpower.
Other Theories and Beliefs
Modern Paganism and Druid Rituals
Although Stonehenge predates Celtic Druids by about 2,000 years, modern Druid communities now use it as a ceremonial site, especially during solstices and equinoxes. Pagan and spiritual groups continue to celebrate its alignment with the natural world.
Ley Lines and Earth Energies
Some believe Stonehenge sits at the intersection of ley lines — invisible energy pathways said to connect sacred places. This idea blends archaeology with New Age spirituality, connecting the monument to a wider network of earth energies.
Theories Involving Giants and Aliens
Popular myths include:
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Giants brought the stones from faraway lands.
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Merlin the wizard magically transported them.
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Aliens helped Neolithic people build Stonehenge using advanced technology.
While these are purely speculative, they reflect the enduring sense of mystery and awe the site inspires.
More Mysteries and Theories of Stonehenge
The Countless Stones Folklore
One of the oldest and most curious legends about Stonehenge is the belief that the stones cannot be counted. No matter how many times you try, the number always changes. This myth, which dates back to at least the 16th century, adds to the monument’s mystical status. Some early travellers and writers claimed this “uncountability” was due to the stones’ layout and shadows — or perhaps to some ancient enchantment.
Healing Properties and Pilgrimage
While the idea that Stonehenge was a healing centre has already been explored, it’s worth noting just how far people may have travelled in search of a cure. One skeleton found near the site was traced back to the
A Monument of Sound?
A more recent theory suggests that Stonehenge may have been built not just for what people could see, but also for what they could hear.
Archaeologists and sound engineers have experimented with the layout and acoustics of the stones, discovering that certain sounds may have echoed or resonated in unique ways. This has led to the idea that Stonehenge was a soundscape, a place where chanting, music or ritualistic sounds could have created an immersive, spiritual atmosphere.
A Working Solar Calendar
It’s well known that Stonehenge aligns with the summer and winter solstices, but some researchers now believe it may have functioned as a 365-day solar calendar. A 2022 study suggested that each of the Sarsen stones may have represented one day in a solar year, making the entire structure a type of prehistoric timekeeping device. Whether or not this theory holds, it’s clear that seasonal timing and astronomical alignment played an important role in the monument’s design.
Merlin, Giants, and Magic
According to a medieval legend retold by Geoffrey of Monmouth, the wizard Merlin transported the stones from Ireland with the help of giants. In this tale, the stones originally came from a magical stone circle known as the Giant’s Dance, which Merlin then relocated to what is now Salisbury Plain. While this story has no historical basis, it reflects how deeply Stonehenge captured the imagination — and still does. The idea that supernatural forces must have been involved speaks to the awe this monument inspires.
Planning Your Stonehenge Visit
FAQs
What is the biggest mystery of Stonehenge?
Most experts agree it’s how the stones — especially the bluestones — were transported and erected with such precision over 4,000 years ago.
Why are people buried at Stonehenge?
Archaeological evidence suggests it was a sacred place, possibly reserved for elite individuals or leaders.
Can I visit Stonehenge during the solstice?
Yes. Entry is free for summer and winter solstice celebrations, but it can be crowded. Check official timings in advance.
Who built Stonehenge?
For years, it was believed that early Neolithic communities in Britain — possibly with influences from Eastern Europe or the Balkans — were behind the construction. However, recent genetic research suggests that the first farmers in Britain, who likely introduced these megalithic practices, originally migrated from Anatolia (modern-day Turkey). These people brought with them farming, new cultural practices, and likely the knowledge needed to construct large monuments like Stonehenge.
Stonehenge Tours
Stonehenge Tours from London
Embark on a journey through England’s heritage and landscapes with a full-day combined tour from London, or opt for a half-day Stonehenge tour for a focused exploration.
Half-Day Tours
Half-day tours run in the mornings or afternoons and offer an immersive experience at the enigmatic Stonehenge site, allowing ample time to uncover its mysteries and significance.
See all half-day tours to Stonehenge »
Full-Day Combination Tours
Full-day combined tours seamlessly blend visits to iconic destinations such as Bath, Windsor Castle, Oxford, Cotswold villages, Salisbury and more, each offering its own unique charm and history. From the ancient Roman Baths to the regal splendour of Windsor Castle, and the timeless beauty of the Cotswolds, these tours promise an unforgettable exploration guided by knowledgeable experts. Whether opting for a half-day or full-day excursion, you’re sure to discover the best of England’s cultural treasures and natural wonders.
See all full-day combination tours visiting Stonehenge »
Why combined tours?
- Tailored for both individuals and groups, these tours offer a comprehensive experience with knowledgeable guides.
- They provide convenient transportation, often with amenities like Wi-Fi and USB charging.
- Combined tours can offer a more in-depth exploration of each site, including historical context and insights not readily available to independent travellers.
- They can be cost-effective and time-efficient, especially for those with limited time to explore.
Special Access - Inner Circle Tours
In addition to standard tours, there are specialist inner circle tours to Stonehenge, offering exclusive access to the ancient monument during magical moments like sunrise or sunset where the ancient stones are bathed in the warm hues of the rising or setting sun.
These tours, often scheduled in the early morning or late afternoon/evening, provide a rare opportunity to get up close to the stones, an experience not available on regular tours. Stonehenge special access tours are popular and sell out fast, so it’s crucial to book early not to miss out.
Stonehenge Tours from Salisbury
These tours offer a hop-on-hop-off experience, allowing visitors to explore not only Stonehenge but also other significant historical sites in the area. The tour typically includes stops at Old Sarum, a site with Iron Age, Roman, and medieval history, and the beautiful Wiltshire countryside. This format provides flexibility and the opportunity to delve into each location at your own pace.
A Selection of Popular Stonehenge Tours
Here is a selection of three most popular Stonehenge tours. Please visit our dedicated Stonehenge Tours page for the full list of tours we selected.
Coach Tour
Audio Guide
Stonehenge
- Stonehenge admission
- Luxury air-conditioned coach transfer
- This tour is unescorted
- Audio guides at Stonehenge
- This tour is not accessible
- Starts & ends in Central London
- Arrive at 8am, departs at 8:30am
- Duration: 6 hours approx.
- Adult (17+) from £64
- Child (5-17 years) from £61
Our Verdict: This is a great affordable alternative to fully guided tours while spending more time at Stonehenge than other combination tours that visit more than two locations. Also perfect for those with limited time as it’s a half day morning tour.
Coach Tour
Tour Guide
Stonehenge
Stroller Accessible
- Guided Group Coach Tour (53 max)
- Luxury coach with Wi-Fi & USB charging
- English speaking expert tour guide
- Admission to Stonehenge
- Optional admission to Windsor Castle
- This tour is stroller accessible but not wheelchair accessible
- Starts & ends in Central London
- Arrive at 8am, departs at 8:30am
- Duration: 9 hours approx.
- Adult (17-59) from £100
- Senior (60+) from £95
- Child (3-16) from £90
- Infant (0-2) free
Our Verdict: Highly recommended for a deep dive into southern England’s history, this full-day coach trip from London visits the enigmatic Stonehenge and the elegant city of Bath.
Marvel at the ancient stones of Stonehenge with included audio guides, and explore Bath’s Georgian architecture at your leisure.
Optional upgrades include the Roman Baths and the Jane Austen Centre. This tour uniquely offers extended time in Bath, providing a thorough and enriching experience.
What is the Neolithic Era?
The Neolithic Era, often referred to as the New Stone Age, marks a profound period in human history. This era, which dates from about 12,000 to 6,500 years ago, saw significant developments in human society, particularly in terms of agriculture, tool-making, and settling patterns.
- Transition from Nomadic to Settled Life: One of the most significant changes during the Neolithic Era was the shift from nomadic lifestyles, where people were hunters and gatherers, to a more settled way of life based on agriculture. This allowed for the development of permanent settlements.
- Advancements in Tool-Making: The era is characterised by the creation of more sophisticated stone tools, pottery, and the development of weaving techniques.
- Domestication of Animals and Agriculture: The domestication of animals and cultivation of crops such as wheat and barley led to more stable food sources.
- Development of Complex Societies: These changes paved the way for the development of complex societies, trade networks, and the beginnings of modern civilisation.
In the context of Stonehenge, the Neolithic Era is particularly relevant as this monument was constructed during the late Neolithic period. The structures and artifacts found at Stonehenge provide valuable insights into the lives, beliefs, and practices of the people living during this transformative time in human history.
Exploring the Stonehenge Landscape
The landscape surrounding Stonehenge is as rich in history and intrigue as the monument itself, offering visitors a chance to explore the broader context of this ancient site.
- Ancient Burial Mounds: The area around Stonehenge is dotted with numerous burial mounds, providing insights into the burial practices of the ancient peoples.
- Woodhenge: Located near Stonehenge, Woodhenge is another ceremonial monument, believed to be contemporary with Stonehenge, offering a different perspective on Neolithic ceremonial practices.
- Durrington Walls: This is the site of a large Neolithic settlement and ceremonial complex, believed to be closely linked with Stonehenge.
- Avebury: A short drive away, Avebury is another Neolithic henge monument, larger and older than Stonehenge, and surrounded by a charming village.
- Walking Trails: The landscape is crisscrossed with public footpaths, offering scenic walks through the rich historical landscape.
Solstice at Stonehenge
Stonehenge has long been associated with the solstices, both summer and winter, due to its unique alignment with the sun’s movements. These solstices are key astronomical moments that have been celebrated and revered across various cultures and time periods.
Summer Solstice at Stonehenge
The summer solstice, around June 21st, is the longest day of the year. At Stonehenge, this day is marked by the sunrise aligning perfectly with the Heel Stone, located outside the main stone circle. This alignment allows the rays of the sunrise to shine directly into the heart of Stonehenge.
The monument was carefully designed to frame this particular event, suggesting its importance to the people who built it. The summer solstice at Stonehenge is a time of celebration and has historically been associated with new beginnings and the life-giving power of the sun.
Winter Solstice at Stonehenge
Conversely, the winter solstice, which occurs around December 21st or 22nd, is the shortest day of the year. During this time, the sun sets between two large stones in the stone circle, known as the Trilithon, and aligns with the Altar Stone. This event may have held special significance as it marked the reversal of the sun’s ebbing presence in the sky, symbolising rebirth and renewal.
The winter solstice might have been a time for rituals relating to the deceased, as evidenced by the many burial mounds in the vicinity of Stonehenge.
Cultural and Ritual Significance
The precise alignments of Stonehenge with the solstices highlight its potential role as an ancient astronomical calendar, but it also suggests a deeper cultural and ritual significance. The builders of Stonehenge, who were primarily farmers, would have deeply valued these astronomical events, which marked crucial turning points in the agricultural year.
The solstices likely played a role in their religious and ceremonial life, possibly involving feasting, rituals, and remembrance of ancestors.
Modern Celebrations
In modern times, Stonehenge has become a focal point for solstice celebrations, drawing crowds who wish to experience this ancient astronomical event first-hand.
These gatherings are a blend of ancient and contemporary traditions, often including people with spiritual or religious beliefs related to the monument and its past. English Heritage, which manages the site, provides managed open access during the solstices, allowing people to experience these moments in a controlled environment that respects the site’s heritage and significance.
The solstices at Stonehenge continue to be a powerful symbol of the connection between our ancient ancestors and the natural world, demonstrating the enduring legacy of this prehistoric monument.
For more detailed insights into the solstice celebrations at Stonehenge, you can visit the English Heritage website and the British Museum website.
Modern Day Mages and Witches and Their Relation to Stonehenge
Stonehenge has long been a site of spiritual significance, not only for its historical and archaeological importance but also for its connections to various modern-day pagan and neo-druidic practices.
- Neo-Druidism and Paganism: Modern-day mages, witches, and practitioners of neo-druidism often see Stonehenge as a sacred place. They view it as a connection to the Earth, nature, and ancestral wisdom.
- Solstice Celebrations: Many pagans and neo-druids gather at Stonehenge during the summer and winter solstices. These events are seen as times of power, renewal, and celebration within their spiritual calendar.
- Rituals and Ceremonies: The practices and rituals carried out by these groups at Stonehenge can vary widely, but they often include ceremonies that honor the cycles of nature, the elements, and ancestral spirits.
- Resurgence of Interest: The 20th century saw a resurgence in interest in ancient Druidic practices and beliefs, leading to an increased presence of modern-day mages and witches at Stonehenge.
- Respect for Heritage: While these modern practices are inspired by ancient beliefs and rituals, it is important to note that they are not direct continuations of the prehistoric activities that took place at Stonehenge. Modern groups often work to respect the heritage and archaeological significance of the site.
These modern interpretations and practices highlight Stonehenge’s enduring appeal and the way it continues to inspire spiritual and mystical experiences.
Is it true that farmers from Turkey built Stonehenge?
Recent genetic research has shed light on the origins of the people who built Stonehenge, suggesting that they were likely descended from farmers who migrated from the eastern Mediterranean, specifically an area near modern-day Turkey. This migration is believed to have occurred around 4000 BC, a time when these Neolithic farmers replaced the local hunter-gatherer populations in Britain.
The analysis of DNA from ancient skeletons, including both Neolithic farmers and earlier Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, has revealed that the majority of the hunter-gatherer population in Britain was replaced by those carrying ancestry from the Aegean coast of modern Turkey. These findings indicate that the development of farming and Neolithic cultures in Britain was largely driven by this wave of migration from mainland Europe.
The transition to farming, brought by these immigrant farmers, represents a significant technological innovation in human evolution. It marked the end of the hunter-gatherer lifestyle that had prevailed until then and led to the establishment of more settled and structured communities. This transition is crucial to understanding the construction of Stonehenge, which began around 3000 BC, suggesting that the monument was likely built by the descendants of these eastern Mediterranean farmers.
This research provides a new perspective on the ancient Britons who built Stonehenge, indicating a cultural and genetic link to ancient Aegean populations rather than to the native Britons of the time. However, the exact methods used to transport and erect the massive stones at Stonehenge continue to be a subject of intrigue and speculation.
These insights come from studies and reports by scientists at institutions like London’s Natural History Museum and University College London, as reported by The Independent and Mental Floss. Study itself can be found here.
Stonehenge Facts and Trivia
Stonehenge is a treasure trove of fascinating facts and figures:
- Age: Archaeologists estimate that the construction of Stonehenge began around 3000 BC and continued in phases until about 1600 BC.
- Construction: The monument consists of a ring of standing stones, with each standing stone around 13 feet high, 7 feet wide, and weighing approximately 25 tons.
- Bluestones: The smaller stones, known as bluestones, weigh up to 4 tons each and are believed to have been transported from the Preseli Hills in Wales, nearly 200 miles away.
- Alignment: Stonehenge is aligned with the sunset of the winter solstice and the sunrise of the summer solstice, indicating its possible use as an ancient astronomical calendar.
- Burials: Archaeological evidence suggests that the area around Stonehenge was used for burials for centuries, with hundreds of burial mounds nearby.
- Visitors: Stonehenge attracts more than 1.5 million visitors annually, making it one of Britain’s most popular tourist attractions.
Stonehenge Legends and Myths
Stonehenge has been a source of myth and legend throughout history:
- Merlin’s Involvement: One of the most famous legends involves Merlin, the wizard of Arthurian legend, who is said to have magically transported the stones from Ireland.
- Healing Stones: During the Middle Ages, Stonehenge was believed to have healing properties, and its stones were thought to be able to cure illnesses.
- Druids: Although it is a popular belief that Stonehenge was built by Druids, this is a misconception; the Druids came into existence long after Stonehenge was constructed.
- Alien Theories: Some theories suggest that Stonehenge’s construction was influenced by extraterrestrial beings due to the precision and effort required to build such a structure in that era.
- Sacred Site: Many people today consider Stonehenge a sacred site and believe it holds special spiritual or magical power.
These legends and myths, while often not supported by archaeological evidence, contribute to the mystery and allure of Stonehenge, making it a subject of fascination and speculation.
Preservation and Conservation of Stonehenge
Stonehenge’s preservation and conservation are vital aspects of its management, ensuring this historical site remains intact for future generations:
- Visitor Management: To prevent wear and tear on the ancient structure, visitor access to the stone circle itself is generally restricted. This helps in preserving the integrity of the stones and the site.
- Environmental Protection: Efforts are made to protect the surrounding landscape, which is key to understanding Stonehenge’s context and history.
Archaeological Research: Ongoing research helps in understanding how Stonehenge was built and used, informing better conservation strategies. - Collaborations: English Heritage works with other organisations and experts in conservation to maintain the site’s condition.
- Educational Programs: These programs aim to educate visitors about the importance of preserving such a significant historical site.
Through these efforts, Stonehenge continues to be a well-preserved window into the distant past, enabling people to connect with a time long gone.
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Personal Reflections on Visiting Stonehenge
My experiences at Stonehenge, both as a local Londoner and as an international tourist, have been deeply fascinating.
One of the most captivating aspects is witnessing the modern-day druids and pagans in ancient robes during solstice celebrations. Seeing them participate in ancient rituals amidst the mystical stones bridges a connection between the distant past and the present, making the experience surreal and unique.
These gatherings, particularly during the summer and winter solstices, offer a colourful and vibrant spectacle that adds to the mystique of Stonehenge. The blend of ancient traditions with contemporary practices against the backdrop of these prehistoric stones is a powerful reminder of the site’s enduring significance through the ages.